Development of a kompetitive allele‐specific PCR marker for selection of the mutated Wx‐D1d allele in wheat breeding

Waxy (Wx) protein is a key enzyme for synthesis of amylose in endosperm. Amylose content in wheat grain influences the quality of end‐use products. Seven alleles have been described at the Wx‐D1 locus, but only two of them (Wx‐D1b, Wx‐D1e) were genotyped with codominant markers. The waxy wheat line K107Wx1 developed by treating ‘Kanto 107’ seeds with ethyl methanesulphonate carries the Wx‐D1d allele. However, no molecular basis supports this nomenclature. In the present study, DNA sequence analysis confirmed that a single nucleotide polymorphism in the sixth exon of Wx‐D1 changed tryptophan at position 301 into a termination codon. Based on this sequence variation, a PCR‐based KASP marker was developed to detect this point mutation using 68 BC₈F₁ plants and 297 BC₈F₂ lines derived from the cross ‘Ningmai 14’*9/K107Wx1. Combined with codominant markers for the Wx‐A1 and Wx‐B1 alleles, waxy and non‐waxy near‐isogenic lines were distinguished. The KASP marker was efficient in identifying the mutant allele and can be used to transfer waxiness to elite lines.     

Amplification,Sequence Analysis and Tissue Expression Detection of FUT2 Gene Coding Regions of Dongchuan Pigs

Porcine alpha (1,2) fucosyltransferase (FUT2) gene was importance in glycosphingolipid biosynthesis-globo series, potentially played a regulatory role during Escherichia coli (E. coli) F18 infection process in weaned piglets. In order to explore sequence structure of porcine FUT2 gene and its biological function, this test amplified FUT2 gene CDS sequence of Dongchuan pigs by PCR, forecasted and analyzed the protein sequences and functional regions of FUT2 gene, its expression level was detected in 11 tissues of 8 Dongchuan weaned piglets in 35 days old at the meantime. The results showed that the CDS sequence of FUT2 gene was 1 023 bp, which encoded 340 amino acids. FUT2 protein was fat-soluble hydrophilic protein, which the structure was not stable, including a transmembrane helix structure, but without signal peptide that suggested the FUT2 protein was a membrane protein;FUT2 protein included 2 N-glycosylation sites (No. 185 and No. 305 amino acids), without O-glycosylation sites, there were 14 potential phosphorylation sites, included 6 Ser, 2 Thr and 6 Tyr, analyzing the functional regions found that the FUT2 protein had a superfamily of conserved domains:FUT1-FUT2-like (58-319 amino acids). The phylogenetic tree result showed that the relative relationship between swine and cattle was relatively close, but was distant from chimpanzee, human, mouse and rat. FUT2 gene was expressed in all 11 tissues of Dongchuan weaned piglets, there were higher expression in digestive tract and immune tissues. The present results suggested that FUT2 gene might play a role to resistance to E. coli F18 in weaned piglets, and might indirectly against E. coli F18 through the synthesis of fucosyltransferase.     

Differential Expression Analysis of MUC4 and MUC13 Genes Between Resistant and Sensitive Weaned Meishan Piglets to ETEC F18

MUC4 and MUC13 genes as important candidate genes for enterotoxigenic Escherichia coil (ETEC) F4 resistance,may play an important role in the process of against ETEC F18 infection in weaned piglets. In this study,ETEC F18-resistant and -sensitive weaned Meishan piglets were used,and the expression levels of MUC4 and MUC13 genes in 11 tissues (heart,liver,spleen,lung,kidney,stomach,muscle,thymus,lymph nodes,duodenum and jejunum) were determined by quantitative Real-time PCR. The results showed that MUC4 and MUC13 genes were broadly expressed with different expression levels in all the 11 tissues. In the thymus and lymph tissues,the expression of MUC4 gene in resistant piglets was significantly higher than that in sensitive piglets (P<0.05);In the lung tissue,theMUC13 gene expression level in resistant individuals was significantly higher than that in sensitive individuals (P<0.05),and in the intestinal tissues of duodenum and jejunum, the expression level of MUC13 gene was relatively higher in resistant individuals. Thus we speculated that the high expression of MUC4 gene in immune tissues and MUC13 gene in intestinal tissues might improve the immune ability of piglets,protect and lubricate the intestinal tract, and resist ETEC F18 infection.     

淮北地区氮肥群体最高生产力水稻钾素吸收利用特征

以淮北地区有代表性的34个中熟中粳品种为试材,设置7个氮肥水平(0、150.0、187.5、225.0、262.5、300.0、337.5 kg hm~(–2)),得出各品种的最高产量,将该最高产量定义为氮肥群体最高生产力。在此基础上,明确处于顶层水平(≥10.50 t hm~(–2))、高层水平(9.75~10.50 t hm~(–2))、中层水平(9.00~9.75 t hm~(–2))和底层水平(≤9.00 t hm~(–2))水稻品种的钾素积累、分配及转运特征。结果表明,4个生产力等级水稻品种地上部植株、茎鞘和叶片的含钾率在拔节期最高;抽穗期顶层水平品种的这3个参数高于其他3个等级的品种;穗部含钾率差异不显著。随着氮肥群体生产力等级的提高,钾素总积累量增多;拔节前底层水平钾素积累量最多,两年平均为120.56 kg hm~(–2),比例占50.56%,顶层水平为最少,两年平均为108.02 kg hm~(–2),比例占35.99%;拔节至抽穗期和抽穗至成熟期顶层水平钾素阶段积累量及比例显著高于其他3个等级。移栽至拔节期,钾素积累速率为中层底层高层顶层水平,拔节后则为顶层高层中层底层水平。叶片的钾素转运量及转运率明显高于茎鞘;顶层水平叶片的钾素转运量高于其他3个等级,高层水平叶片的转运率最高;穗部增加量随生产力等级的递增而变大;抽穗到成熟期,茎鞘、叶片对穗的钾素转运贡献率表现为底层最高,中层次之,顶层最低。4个等级水稻品种籽粒生产率和百千克籽粒吸钾量差异不显著;钾素偏生产力和钾收获指数均表现为顶层高层中层底层水平。总之,氮肥群体最高生产力越高,水稻中后期植株钾素积累量及器官对钾素的吸收利用效率越显著。抽穗后保持较高的钾素吸收利用及转运效率是高产水稻品种的重要特征。     

菜用甘薯新品种薯绿1号的选育

薯绿1号(原名徐菜薯1号)是以台农71为母本,以广薯菜2号为父本,通过定向有性杂交选育而成的菜用甘薯专用新品种。株型半直立,分枝多,叶片心形,顶叶黄绿色,叶基色和茎色均为绿色。薯块纺锤形,白皮白肉。茎尖无茸毛,烫后颜色翠绿至绿色,无苦涩味,微甜,有滑腻感,食味好。高抗茎线虫病,抗蔓割病。在国家区域试验3个月时间内每667m2产量1800kg左右,如在保护地条件下可周年生产,每667m2产量在5000kg以上。适合江苏、山东、河南、浙江、四川、广东、福建、海南等适宜地区作叶菜种植。     

氮肥运筹对钵苗机插优质食味水稻产量及品质的影响

以江苏优质食味水稻代表性品种南粳9108和南粳5055为材料,采用新型栽培技术钵苗机插移栽,在大田常用量总施氮270 kg hm~(–2)条件下,设置10∶0、9∶1、8∶2、7∶3、6∶4、5∶5、4∶6七种基蘖肥与穗肥比例的处理。比较研究不同处理对钵苗机插优质食味水稻产量及稻米品质的影响,以期为氮肥的合理施用提供理论依据和技术指导。结果表明,当基蘖肥与穗肥比例为6∶4时,产量最高,与其他处理差异显著。稻米的糙米率、精米率和整精米率均随着基蘖肥比例的降低而逐渐增加;直链淀粉和胶稠度含量随着基蘖肥比例的降低而逐渐减小,但蛋白质的含量变化趋势相反,后期施氮量大时蛋白质含量增大。两品种的垩白率和垩白度均随着基蘖肥比例的降低呈先增加后减小的趋势,以6∶4处理显著大于其他处理,而垩白大小逐渐增加。食味品质中除了完整性随着基蘖肥所占比例的降低而增加外,香气、光泽、味道、口感以及食味值均呈现递减趋势。各处理的稻米峰值黏度、热浆黏度、崩解值和最终黏度,除对照不施氮肥处理最大外,均随基蘖肥比例的降低而逐渐减小,而消减值的变化呈现相反的趋势。基蘖肥与穗肥比例为6∶4的氮肥运筹方式能显著提高钵苗机插优质食味水稻的产量;适当增加穗肥比例能有效改善稻米的加工品质和营养品质,增大稻米粒长和粒宽,但降低了稻米的外观品质和食味品质。     

海安县海安镇水稻专业化服务工作措施及成效

从领导重视与强化组织、措施扎实与强化服务、明确责任与强化考核、加强督查与促进工作等方面总结了海安县海安镇水稻专业化服务工作措施,并分析其成效,以供参考。     

Two new sesquiterpenes from Artemisia sieversiana

Two new sesquiterpenes, together with 32 known compounds(3–34), were isolated from Artemisia sieversiana Ehrhart ex willd. and the compounds 3–21 were isolated from this plant for the first time. The new compounds were elucidated as 2α,9α-dihydroxymuurol-3(4)-en-12-oic acid (1) and 13α-methyl-(5αH,6αH,7αH,8αH)-austricin 8-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (2), respectively. The structural identification of these compounds was mainly achieved by spectroscopic methods including 1D and 2D NMR techniques, and the structure of compound 1 was confirmed by a single crystal X-ray diffraction experiment. Compounds 1–2 were evaluated for cytotoxic activity in vitro against MCF-7, NCI-H460 and Hep-G2 cell lines, respectively.     

Physicochemical characterization and in-vitro digestibility of extruded rice noodles with different amylose contents based on rheological approaches

The physicochemical properties and in-vitro digestibility of extruded rice noodles with different amylose contents were characterized from a rheological point of view. Thermo-mechanical measurements showed that the rice flour with higher amylose contents exhibited greater stability to dual-mixing and higher degrees of starch gelatinization and retrogradation. In addition, greater elastic properties were clearly observed in the high amylose rice samples. The use of high amylose rice flour produced noodles with a harder texture, consequently contributing to reduced cooking loss. Furthermore, the rheological changes of extruded rice noodles were monitored in real time during the in-vitro starch digestion. The rice noodle digesta with higher amylose contents exhibited greater viscosities throughout the simulated oral-gastric-intestinal digestion steps. The flow behaviors of the rice noodle digesta consisted of the Power-law region and infinite shear plateau that were satisfactorily characterized by the Sisko model (R² > 0.99).     

Nitrogen use efficiency of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) as influenced by wheat–cotton cropping systems

Wheat–cotton rotations largely increase crop yield and improve resources use efficiency, such as the radiation use efficiency. However, little information is available on the nitrogen (N) utilization and requirement of cotton under wheat–cotton rotations. This study was to determine the N uptake and use efficiency by evaluating the cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) N use and the soil N balances, which will help to improve N resource management in wheat–cotton rotations. Field experiments were conducted during 2011/2012 and 2012/2013 growing seasons in the Yangtze River region in China. Two cotton cultivars (Siza 3, mid-late maturity with 130 days growth duration; CCRI 50, early maturity with 110 days growth duration) were planted under four cropping systems including monoculture cotton (MC), wheat/intercropped cotton (W/IC), wheat/transplanted cotton (W/TC) and wheat/direct-seeded cotton (W/DC). The N uptake and use efficiency of cotton were quantified under different cropping systems. The results showed that wheat–cotton rotations decreased the cotton N uptake through reducing the N accumulation rate and shortening the duration of fast N accumulation phase as compared to the monoculture cotton. Compared with MC, the N uptake of IC, TC and DC were decreased by 12.0%, 20.5% and 23.4% for Siza 3, respectively, and 7.3%, 10.7% and 17.6% for CCRI 50, respectively. Wheat–cotton rotations had a lower N harvest index as a consequence of the weaker sink capacity in the cotton plant caused by the delayed fruiting and boll formation. Wheat–cotton rotations used N inefficiently relative to the monoculture cotton, showing consistently lower level of the N agronomic use efficiency (NAE), N apparent recovery efficiency (NRE), N physiological efficiency (NPE) and N partial factor productivity (NPFP), particularly for DC. Relative to the mid–late maturity cultivar of Siza 3, the early maturity cultivar of CCRI 50 had higher N use efficiency in wheat–cotton rotations. An analysis of the crop N balance suggested that the high N excess in preceding wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in wheat–cotton rotations led to significantly higher N surpluses than the monoculture cotton. The N management for the cotton in wheat–cotton rotations should be improved by means of reducing the base fertilizer input and increasing the bloom application.